Endophytic fungi: Nature's hidden vault of biomolecules

S Anjitha; S Shiburaj

doi:10.14719/tcb.9453

Authors

Anjitha Suman Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala , India https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8136-668X
Shiburaj Sugathan Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala , India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-825X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14719/tcb.9453

Keywords:

bioactivity, biosynthetic gene clusters, co-culture, endophytes, fungal endophytes, plant-endophyte interations

Abstract

The alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has emerged as a major global health concern, intensifying the urgent need for novel bioactive compounds from natural sources. In recent years, scientific interest in endophytic fungi, which reside asymptomatically within plant tissues, has grown substantially. These microorganisms have demonstrated the capacity to produce a diverse range of bioactive secondary metabolites, exhibiting anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. The metabolites exhibit antibacterial activity by disrupting membranes and interfering with essential cellular processes like protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Such compounds hold immense promise for both drug discovery and the development of agricultural biocontrol agents. The role of fungal endophytes in pharmaceutical innovation is becoming increasingly apparent. The unique microenvironment within plant hosts, coupled with the genetic diversity of endophytic fungi, fosters the biosynthesis of structurally novel and biologically potent molecules. However, harnessing this potential is not without challenges. Difficulties in isolating, culturing and characterising endophytic fungi and their metabolites continue to impede progress. Artificial intelligence, omics technologies, and metabolic engineering could be integrated into future research to improve the sustainable production and therapeutic utilisation of endophytic fungal metabolites. This review highlights recent advances in the discovery and characterisation of novel compounds from endophytic fungi, while also addressing ongoing challenges in understanding endophyte biology and optimising metabolite production.

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Endophytic fungi: Nature's hidden vault of biomolecules

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